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We aim at completing these results with the analogous upper bounds for the distributions with the increasing failure rates, i. Suppose that \(T_{j:n}(b_{j:n})0\) so that the unique zero \(0 \beta _{j:n} c_{j:n}\) of (2. Define nowSuppose that either \(\tilde{T}_{j:n}(\tilde{\beta }_{j:n}) \ge 0\) or \(\tilde{{\mathcal {Y}}}_{j:n} = \emptyset \) for some fixed \(2 \le j \le n-2 \ge 2\). Therefore \({\mathbb {E}}T= {\mathbb {E}}\sum \nolimits _{i=1}^n s_i X_{i:n}\), and our methods can be applied for precise evaluations of \(\frac{{\mathbb {E}}T-{\mathbb {E}}X_1}{\sqrt{{\mathbb {V}}ar \,X_1}}\), when \(X_i\) have an IFR distribution. This permits testing of individual components or subsystems, whose failure rates are then added to obtain the total system failure rate. In consequence, we can restrict ourselves to the family \(\{ Ph_{\alpha , \lambda _*(\alpha )}\,{:}\,\alpha \ge b, \; Y(\alpha )\ge 0 \}\).

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Otherwise we definewithLet \({\mathcal {Z}}\) denote the set of arguments \(\alpha \ge \beta _*\) satisfyingThen \({\mathcal {Z}} \) is nonempty, and \(P_{\preceq _cW}h(x)=P_{\alpha _*}h(x)\) for unique \(\alpha _* = \arg \max _{\alpha \in {\mathcal {Z}}} ||P_{\alpha }h||^2\). 1), an upper bound look at this site the expectation of standardized jth order statistic coincides with the norm of projection \(P_{\preceq _cV}h_{j:n}\). It follows from the obvious relations \(P_{\preceq _cV}h_{j:n} = P_{\preceq _cV}(f_{j:n}V-1) = P_{\preceq _cV}f_{j:n}V -1\), andvalid due to(cf. 7) satisfies \(T_{j:n}(0)0, T_{j:n}(c_{j:n})0\), and increases in between (see Goroncy and Rychlik 2015, p.  180).

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Contributions of the exponential density functions in the extreme distributions increase as do so the spacing ranks. Their proofs are almost identical with those of their counterparts, and therefore we omit them. the series connection of 3 items and parallelly connected pair with nonincreasing signature \( \mathbf {s}_3= \left( \frac{3}{5}, \frac{2}{5}, 0,0,0 \right) \), we get the trivial bound \(\frac{{\mathbb {E}}T_3-{\mathbb {E}}X_1}{\sqrt{{\mathbb {V}}ar \,X_1}} \le 0\), valid in the general and IFR cases. For the overwhelming majority of the coherent systems, the signature vector is either monotone or unimodal, i. We cannot prove it formally, though.

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Under Assumptions (\(\tilde{\mathbf{A}}\)), with notation (1. They also characterized the distributions which attain the bounds, and specified the general results for the distributions with increasing density functions. Point \(\beta _{j:n}\) is the only admissible candidate for the change of the l-h-c type projection from \(h_{j:n}\) itself to the constant. It follows from the fact that \(Ph_{\alpha , \lambda _*(\alpha )}\) with \(Z(\alpha )=0\) is the projection of \(h_{(0,\alpha )}\) onto the subspace of linear functions.

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Other units, such as miles, revolutions, etc. A general method of establishing positive sharp upper bounds on the expectations of properly normalized linear combinations of order statistics \({\mathbb {E}} \sum _{i=1}^n c_i \frac{X_{i:n}-\mu }{\sigma }\), for arbitrarily fixed \(\mathbf {c}=(c_1,\ldots ,c_n)\in {\mathbb {R}}^n\), and many other statistical functionals based on restricted nonparametric families of distributions was presented in Gajek and Rychlik (1996). e. A common model is the exponential failure distribution,
which is based on the exponential density function. Bridge systemIn consequence,By VDP, \(h_{\mathbf {s}_1} \) is first convex increasing, then concave increasing, concave decreasing, and finally convex decreasing. This obviously holds iff \(T_{j:n}(b_{j:n}) 0\).

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In that case, the counterparts of (2. Then set \({\mathcal {Z}}_{j:n}= \{ \alpha \ge \beta _{j:n}:\; A_{j:n}(\alpha )=0,\;\gamma _{j:n}(\alpha )0 \}\) is nonempty, andwhere \(\alpha _{j:n}= \arg \max my review here \in {\mathcal {Z}}_{j:n}} B_{j:n}^2(\alpha )\). If \(\alpha _1 \alpha _2\) for some \(\alpha _1,\alpha _2 \in \tilde{{\mathcal {Y}}}\), the former provides a better approximation of h. In this paper we consider distribution functions F which precede the standard exponential distribution function \(V(x)=1-e^{-x}, 0\,{}\,x\,{}\,d=\infty \) in the convex transform ordering. org/10. 17
Suppose it is desired to estimate the failure rate of a certain component.

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, Navarro and Rubio (2010) showed that there is only one system with a bimodal signature among 180 systems of size 5. \(\square \)
The bounds in (2. 1), the sharp upper mean–variance bound for the expectation of jth order statistic isThe distribution function attaining the bound is characterized by the relationwhich determines (2. 12) of the parent IFR distribution function attaining the bound. .